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⏱️ Evidence-Based Intermittent Fasting Protocols for Longevity

Last Updated Evidence-Based Contributions Welcome License: MIT

A comprehensive, research-backed collection of intermittent fasting protocols for longevity — covering every major fasting method, autophagy activation timelines, goal-specific protocols, safety screening, and a curated PubMed research database. Built for anyone who wants to use fasting strategically, not blindly.

For the complete deep-dive into intermittent fasting and lifespan extension, see the full guide at https://healthsecrets.com/longevity/intermittent-fasting-longevity.

> **Quick Answer / TL;DR** > > - **Intermittent fasting activates autophagy, AMPK, and sirtuins** — the same longevity pathways triggered by caloric restriction, without requiring chronic energy deficit [1] > - **16:8 time-restricted eating** is the most studied daily IF protocol, with a 2023 meta-analysis showing significant reductions in body weight, fasting glucose, and inflammatory markers [2] > - **Alternate-day fasting (ADF) ranks highest for weight loss** efficacy compared to 5:2 and TRE in a 2023 network meta-analysis of pooled clinical trials [3] > - **Autophagy markers increase significantly after 18+ hours** of fasting — LC3-II and Beclin-1 expression rise in liver, muscle, and brain tissue [4] > - **The fasting-mimicking diet (FMD) reduced biological age by 2.5 years** in a 2024 USC clinical trial after just three monthly cycles [5] > - **Safety screening is essential** — IF is contraindicated for pregnant individuals, those with eating disorder history, type 1 diabetics, and children under 18 [6]

📋 Table of Contents

What Is Intermittent Fasting and Why Does It Affect Longevity?

Intermittent fasting (IF) is a dietary pattern that cycles between defined periods of eating and fasting, activating cellular repair mechanisms linked to longevity and disease prevention. A landmark 2019 review in the New England Journal of Medicine by de Cabo and Mattson concluded that IF triggers an evolutionarily conserved “metabolic switch” from glucose to ketone body utilization, improving stress resistance and suppressing inflammation [1].

What makes IF particularly interesting for longevity is that it activates many of the same molecular pathways as caloric restriction (CR) — the most robust life-extending intervention in animal models — without requiring permanent calorie reduction. A 2022 review in Nature Aging by Longo and Guidi confirmed that both intermittent and periodic fasting extend lifespan and healthspan in organisms from yeast to primates [7].

The practical appeal is obvious. Caloric restriction requires daily discipline and often leads to muscle loss, reduced metabolic rate, and psychological burden. IF, by contrast, compresses the restriction into defined windows, making it easier to sustain. Honestly, I was surprised to find how strong the clinical evidence has become — this isn’t just biohacker speculation anymore.

📖 Further reading: For the complete evidence-based intermittent fasting and longevity guide, visit https://healthsecrets.com/longevity/intermittent-fasting-longevity.

Which Intermittent Fasting Method Is Best?

The honest answer: it depends on your goal, lifestyle, and risk tolerance. Here’s every major IF method compared side-by-side with current clinical evidence.

Complete Fasting Methods Comparison

Method Schedule Fasting Window Evidence Grade Best For Adherence
16:8 Time-Restricted Eating Daily: eat within 8h, fast 16h 16 hours A Daily metabolic optimization, beginners High — fits most lifestyles
14:10 Time-Restricted Eating Daily: eat within 10h, fast 14h 14 hours A Gentle entry point, circadian alignment Very high — minimal disruption
5:2 Modified Fasting 5 normal days / 2 days ~500-600 kcal 2 days per week A Weight management, metabolic flexibility Moderate — hunger on fast days
Alternate-Day Fasting (ADF) Alternate between normal eating and fasting/~500 kcal Every other day A Maximum weight loss, insulin sensitivity Low-moderate — demanding schedule
OMAD (One Meal a Day) 23:1 — single daily eating window 23 hours B Experienced fasters, deep autophagy Low — difficult to meet nutrition needs
Extended Fasting (36-72h) Periodic water-only fasts 36-72 hours B Deep autophagy, immune reset Low — requires supervision
Fasting-Mimicking Diet (FMD) 5-day low-cal protocol, monthly or quarterly 5 consecutive days A Longevity biomarkers, clinical evidence Moderate — structured and time-limited
Evidence grade key: A = Multiple RCTs and/or meta-analyses in humans B = Limited human trials or strong animal evidence C = Preliminary or observational only

Head-to-Head: What the Meta-Analyses Say

A 2023 network meta-analysis published in Obesity Reviews pooled data from 24 RCTs and ranked IF methods by weight-loss efficacy. ADF/modified ADF ranked highest, followed by continuous energy restriction (CER), then time-restricted eating [3]. But weight loss isn’t the whole story — for longevity-specific biomarkers, the fasting-mimicking diet has the strongest clinical data.

The 2024 USC trial led by Valter Longo’s group showed that three monthly cycles of the ProLon FMD reduced biological age (measured by DNA methylation clocks) by an average of 2.5 years, lowered insulin resistance, and reduced liver fat [5]. That’s a striking result for a 5-day-per-month intervention.

How Does Fasting Activate Longevity Pathways?

Fasting triggers a coordinated cellular response involving four major longevity pathways: mTOR inhibition, AMPK activation, sirtuin upregulation, and autophagy induction. These are the same pathways activated by caloric restriction and targeted by pharmaceutical interventions like rapamycin and metformin [1][8].

Here’s what actually happens inside your cells during a fast:

The Metabolic Switch Timeline

Hours Fasted What Happens Key Pathway
0-4 hours Fed state — glucose and insulin elevated, mTOR active, growth mode mTOR (active)
4-8 hours Post-absorptive — glucose normalizing, insulin declining Transition
8-12 hours Glycogen depletion begins, gluconeogenesis ramps up AMPK (activating)
12-14 hours Early fasting state — fat oxidation increases, ketone production begins AMPK, sirtuins
14-18 hours Metabolic switch — ketones become significant fuel source, autophagy markers rise Autophagy (initiating)
18-24 hours Deep fasting — robust autophagy, significant mTOR suppression, BDNF increases Autophagy, mTOR (inhibited)
24-48 hours Extended fasting — peak autophagy, immune cell recycling, growth hormone surge Full pathway activation
48-72 hours Prolonged fasting — stem cell regeneration begins, deep cellular cleanup Stem cell renewal

Longevity Pathway Details

Pathway Role in Aging How Fasting Helps Key Molecules
mTOR Growth-signaling sensor — chronic activation accelerates aging Fasting inhibits mTOR by depleting amino acids and glucose Raptor, S6K1, 4E-BP1
AMPK Energy sensor — activation promotes catabolism and repair Low energy during fasting directly activates AMPK LKB1, ACC, ULK1
Sirtuins NAD+-dependent deacetylases — regulate DNA repair and metabolism Fasting raises NAD+/NADH ratio, activating SIRT1/SIRT3 NAD+, SIRT1, SIRT3, PGC-1α
Autophagy Cellular recycling — clears damaged proteins and organelles mTOR inhibition + AMPK activation = autophagy induction LC3-II, Beclin-1, ATG5, p62
BDNF Brain-derived neurotrophic factor — neuroplasticity and neuroprotection Fasting increases BDNF 50-400% depending on duration [9] TrkB receptor signaling

A 2025 narrative review in PubMed confirmed that IF robustly activates autophagy in metabolically active tissues through these conserved pathways, with increased AMPK phosphorylation and decreased mTOR activity measurable within 16-18 hours of fasting [4].

What Is the Best Fasting Protocol for Your Goal?

Different goals call for different fasting strategies. Here are evidence-matched protocols for the three most common objectives.

Protocol 1: Autophagy & Cellular Repair

Goal: Maximize cellular cleanup, reduce damaged proteins, promote longevity pathways

Component Recommendation Evidence
Daily protocol 18:6 TRE (minimum 18h fast) Autophagy markers significantly elevated at 18h+ [4]
Weekly boost One 24-36h fast per week Deeper autophagy activation in liver, muscle, brain
Quarterly reset 3-5 day FMD (ProLon or DIY) Stem cell regeneration, biological age reduction [5]
Autophagy enhancers Black coffee, green tea (EGCG), spermidine-rich foods Polyphenols enhance autophagy via mTOR-independent pathways [10]
Exercise timing Fasted low-intensity exercise (walking, yoga) Compounds autophagy through AMPK activation

Protocol 2: Weight Loss & Metabolic Health

Goal: Sustainable fat loss, improved insulin sensitivity, reduced visceral fat

Component Recommendation Evidence
Primary method ADF (alternate-day fasting) or modified ADF (~500 kcal on fast days) Ranked #1 for weight loss in 2023 meta-analysis [3]
Alternative 5:2 modified fasting More sustainable; similar long-term results
Eating window Early TRE (eating 8am-4pm) preferred over late TRE Early TRE aligns with circadian insulin sensitivity [11]
Fast-day nutrition Prioritize protein (30-40g), vegetables, healthy fats on restricted days Preserves lean mass during deficit
Duration 8-12 week cycles with 2-week maintenance breaks Prevents metabolic adaptation

Protocol 3: Cognitive Performance & Brain Health

Goal: Enhanced BDNF, neuroprotection, mental clarity, reduced neuroinflammation

Component Recommendation Evidence
Daily protocol 16:8 TRE with morning fast (skip breakfast) Ketone production supports BDNF and neuroplasticity [9]
BDNF maximizer Combine fasting with moderate exercise Fasted exercise amplifies BDNF response 2-3x [9]
Neuroprotective stack Omega-3 (2g EPA+DHA), lion’s mane, creatine during eating window Synergistic with fasting-induced neuroplasticity
Sleep alignment Stop eating 3+ hours before bed Prevents disrupted sleep architecture
Monthly deep fast 36-48h water fast (supervised) Maximum BDNF surge and neuronal autophagy

📖 Further reading: See the Biohacker Stack for complete supplement stacking strategies alongside fasting protocols.

How Should Beginners Start Intermittent Fasting?

Start with a 12:12 schedule and gradually narrow your eating window over four weeks. This progressive approach minimizes common side effects — headaches, irritability, hunger, and fatigue — while allowing your metabolism to adapt to using stored fuel more efficiently [6].

Rushing into aggressive fasting protocols is the number one mistake beginners make. Your body needs time to upregulate fat oxidation enzymes and shift from glucose-dependent metabolism.

4-Week Ramp-Up Protocol

Week Schedule Eating Window Fasting Window What to Expect
Week 1 12:12 8:00 AM – 8:00 PM 12 hours Minimal discomfort; get used to defined eating times
Week 2 14:10 9:00 AM – 7:00 PM 14 hours Mild hunger in morning; body beginning to adapt
Week 3 16:8 11:00 AM – 7:00 PM 16 hours Mental clarity improving; hunger hormones adjusting
Week 4 16:8 or 18:6 12:00 PM – 6:00 PM (or 8:00 PM) 16-18 hours Metabolic switch functioning; autophagy benefits begin

Tips for Each Week

Week 1: Drink water, black coffee, or plain tea during fasting hours. Focus on eating balanced meals — don’t compensate by overeating during your window.

Week 2: Hunger pangs are normal and temporary — they pass within 20-30 minutes. Stay busy during the morning fast. Electrolytes (sodium, potassium, magnesium) help if you feel lightheaded.

Week 3: You should notice improved morning energy and focus. If not, make sure you’re sleeping adequately (7-8 hours) and staying hydrated. This is where most people start to genuinely enjoy fasting.

Week 4: Lock in your preferred schedule. Some people thrive on 16:8 long-term; others prefer to experiment with 18:6 or occasional 24-hour fasts. Listen to your body — the best protocol is the one you can sustain.

What Breaks a Fast?

This is probably the most-asked question in fasting communities, and the answer depends entirely on why you’re fasting.

What Breaks a Fast: The Complete Guide

Item Breaks Autophagy Fast? Breaks Metabolic/Weight Loss Fast? Notes
Water ❌ No ❌ No Drink liberally — aim for 2-3L during fasting
Black coffee ❌ No (may enhance) ❌ No Coffee polyphenols actually stimulate autophagy [10]
Plain green/black tea ❌ No (may enhance) ❌ No EGCG in green tea supports autophagy
Apple cider vinegar (diluted) ❌ No ❌ No May support insulin sensitivity
Lemon water (squeeze only) ❌ No ❌ No Negligible calories
Bone broth ⚠️ Partially ✅ Yes Amino acids activate mTOR; use only on modified fast days
MCT oil / butter coffee ✅ Yes ✅ Yes Fat calories break the fast despite staying in ketosis
Artificial sweeteners ⚠️ Possibly ⚠️ Possibly Some trigger cephalic insulin response; evidence is mixed
Milk/cream in coffee ✅ Yes ✅ Yes Protein + lactose trigger insulin and mTOR
BCAAs / protein powder ✅ Yes ✅ Yes Amino acids, especially leucine, strongly activate mTOR
Supplements (pills) ❌ Generally no ❌ Generally no Unless they contain calories or sugars
Gum (sugar-free) ⚠️ Possibly ❌ Likely no Minimal impact; some sweeteners may affect insulin

The practical rule: If it has calories, protein, or significant carbohydrates, assume it breaks your fast. Water, plain coffee, and plain tea are always safe.

Is Intermittent Fasting Safe for Everyone?

No — intermittent fasting is contraindicated for several populations, and anyone with a medical condition or on medication should consult a healthcare provider before starting. A 2019 review in the NEJM emphasized that while IF is generally safe for healthy adults, certain populations face genuine risks [1].

Safety Screening Checklist

Before starting any fasting protocol, screen for these contraindications:

🔴 Absolute Contraindications (Do NOT fast):

🟡 Relative Contraindications (Medical supervision required):

🟢 Generally Safe Populations:

Common Side Effects and Management

Side Effect When It Occurs Management
Hunger/irritability Weeks 1-2 Temporary — resolves as hunger hormones adapt. Stay busy, drink water
Headache Days 1-3 of new protocol Usually dehydration or caffeine withdrawal. Increase water + electrolytes
Fatigue Week 1 Normal during metabolic adaptation. Reduce exercise intensity temporarily
Dizziness First few fasts Add electrolytes: 1/4 tsp salt + potassium-rich foods during eating window
Digestive changes Variable Some experience constipation; increase fiber and water during eating windows
Sleep disruption If eating too late Stop eating 3+ hours before bed; the issue resolves quickly

How Long Do You Need to Fast to Trigger Autophagy?

Autophagy markers begin increasing after 14-16 hours of fasting, with robust activation occurring at 18-24 hours. A 2025 narrative review confirmed that IF increases AMPK phosphorylation and inhibits mTOR activity, leading to enhanced expression of autophagy markers LC3-II, Beclin-1, and ATG proteins in metabolically active tissues [4].

The timing isn’t absolute — it varies by individual, metabolic health, body composition, and activity level. But here’s what the research tells us about the general activation curve:

Autophagy Level Fasting Duration Evidence
Baseline 0-12 hours Normal housekeeping autophagy
Mildly elevated 12-16 hours Measurable increase in LC3-II in liver tissue
Significantly elevated 16-24 hours Robust markers across liver, muscle, and brain [4]
Peak activation 24-48 hours Maximum autophagy flux; senescent cell clearance begins
Extended activation 48-72 hours Stem cell regeneration, immune system reset [12]

Spermidine — found in aged cheese, soybeans, mushrooms, and wheat germ — has been shown to enhance fasting-mediated autophagy. A 2024 study in Nature Cell Biology demonstrated that spermidine levels increase during fasting and are essential for full autophagy activation [10].

📖 Further reading: For the science of aging pathways and how fasting fits into the broader longevity picture, see the Longevity Science Toolkit.

Can You Exercise While Intermittent Fasting?

Yes — fasted exercise is generally safe and may enhance both fat oxidation and autophagy activation. A 2018 review in Nature Reviews Neuroscience found that combining fasting with exercise amplifies BDNF production 2-3x compared to either intervention alone [9].

That said, not all exercise is equal during a fast:

Exercise Type Fasted Timing Recommendation
Zone 2 cardio (walking, easy cycling) Anytime during fast ✅ Excellent — enhances fat oxidation and autophagy
Yoga/stretching Anytime during fast ✅ Well-tolerated, supports parasympathetic recovery
Moderate cardio (jogging, swimming) Late in fast or within 2h of eating window ✅ Fine for adapted individuals
HIIT Within eating window or immediately before first meal ⚠️ Schedule near food — performance suffers in deep fast
Heavy strength training Within eating window ⚠️ Post-workout protein is critical for muscle protein synthesis
Competition/high performance Within eating window ⚠️ Fuel properly — fasting impairs peak performance

Landmark Intermittent Fasting Research

A curated database of the most influential studies on intermittent fasting and longevity.

Study Year Journal Key Finding
de Cabo & Mattson 2019 NEJM IF triggers metabolic switch; improves stress resistance and disease biomarkers [1]
Longo & Guidi 2022 Nature Aging Comprehensive review confirming IF extends lifespan across species [7]
ADF vs 5:2 vs TRE meta-analysis 2023 Obesity Reviews ADF ranked highest for weight loss efficacy [3]
USC FMD Trial (Longo lab) 2024 Nature Communications FMD cycles reduced biological age by 2.5 years [5]
Longo & Panda 2016 Cell Metabolism IF activates autophagy, improves insulin sensitivity, reduces inflammation [8]
IF as autophagy promotor (narrative review) 2025 PubMed IF robustly activates tissue-specific autophagy through AMPK/mTOR [4]
Mattson et al. 2018 Nature Reviews Neuroscience IF enhances BDNF, neuroplasticity, and neuroprotection [9]
CALERIE Trial (CR in humans) 2022 Science 12% CR slowed biological aging pace by 2-3% [13]
Spermidine & fasting autophagy 2024 Nature Cell Biology Spermidine essential for fasting-mediated autophagy [10]
Harvard TRE meta-analysis 2024 HSPH IF effective for weight loss and cardiometabolic health across methods [14]
IF and inflammasome/senescence 2023 Exp Gerontology Prolonged IF reduced p21, p16, p53 expression in healthy males [15]
Systemic benefits of intermeal fasting 2017 PNAS Two meals daily without CR prevents metabolic syndrome via tissue-specific autophagy [16]
## Frequently Asked Questions **Q: How long do you need to fast to trigger autophagy?** **A:** Autophagy markers begin increasing after 14-16 hours of fasting, with more significant activation at 18-24 hours. A 2025 review confirmed that 18+ hours substantially increases LC3-II and Beclin-1 expression — key autophagy markers — in metabolically active tissues [4]. Individual variation exists based on metabolic health and activity level. **Q: Which intermittent fasting method is best for longevity?** **A:** Time-restricted eating (16:8) has the strongest daily-practice evidence for metabolic health, while periodic fasting-mimicking diets show the most robust longevity biomarker improvements. The 2024 USC trial found FMD cycles reduced biological age by 2.5 years over 4 months [5]. Combining daily TRE with quarterly FMD may be optimal. **Q: Is intermittent fasting safe for everyone?** **A:** No. IF is contraindicated for pregnant or breastfeeding individuals, those with eating disorder history, type 1 diabetics, children under 18, and people who are underweight (BMI under 18.5). Anyone on medication should consult a physician before starting any fasting protocol [1][6]. **Q: Does coffee break a fast?** **A:** Black coffee does not break a fast for autophagy or metabolic purposes. Coffee actually enhances autophagy through polyphenol-mediated mTOR inhibition [10]. Adding milk, cream, sugar, or sweeteners triggers an insulin response and breaks the metabolic fast. Stick to plain black coffee or tea. **Q: What is the difference between intermittent fasting and caloric restriction?** **A:** Caloric restriction reduces total daily calories by 20-30% every day, while intermittent fasting alternates between eating and fasting periods without necessarily reducing total intake. Both activate overlapping longevity pathways (AMPK, sirtuins, autophagy), but IF may be more sustainable for most people long-term [7]. **Q: How should beginners start intermittent fasting?** **A:** Start with a 12:12 schedule for one week, then narrow to 14:10 in week two and 16:8 by week three. This 4-week ramp-up minimizes side effects like headaches, irritability, and hunger while allowing metabolic adaptation. Stay hydrated and add electrolytes if needed [6]. **Q: Can you exercise while intermittent fasting?** **A:** Yes — fasted exercise is generally safe and may enhance fat oxidation and autophagy. Low-to-moderate intensity exercise (Zone 2 cardio, yoga) is well-tolerated during fasting windows. High-intensity and heavy strength training should be scheduled within or near eating windows for optimal recovery [9].

Disclaimer

This repository is for educational purposes only. The information provided does not constitute medical advice. Intermittent fasting is not appropriate for everyone — see the safety screening section above. Individual responses to fasting vary significantly based on health status, medications, and metabolic condition. Consult a qualified healthcare professional before starting any fasting protocol, especially if you have a pre-existing medical condition or take prescription medication.

References

  1. de Cabo, R., & Mattson, M.P. “Effects of intermittent fasting on health, aging, and disease.” New England Journal of Medicine, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1905136
  2. Patikorn, C., et al. “Intermittent fasting and obesity-related health outcomes: An umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials.” JAMA Network Open, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.39558
  3. Ashtary-Larky, D., et al. “A meta-analysis comparing the effectiveness of alternate day fasting, the 5:2 diet, and time-restricted eating for weight loss.” Obesity Reviews, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13533
  4. Gomez-Pinedo, U., et al. “A Narrative Review about Metabolic Pathways, Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Implications of Intermittent Fasting as Autophagy Promotor.” Current Medicinal Chemistry, 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40481380/
  5. Brandhorst, S., et al. “Fasting-mimicking diet causes hepatic and blood markers changes indicating reduced biological age and disease risk.” Nature Communications, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45260-9
  6. Patterson, R.E., & Sears, D.D. “Metabolic effects of intermittent fasting.” Annual Review of Nutrition, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-071816-064634
  7. Longo, V.D., & Guidi, N. “Intermittent and periodic fasting, longevity and disease.” Nature Aging, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43587-020-00013-3
  8. Longo, V.D., & Panda, S. “Fasting, circadian rhythms, and time-restricted feeding in healthy lifespan.” Cell Metabolism, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2016.06.001
  9. Mattson, M.P., et al. “Intermittent metabolic switching, neuroplasticity and brain health.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2017.156
  10. Hofer, S.J., et al. “Spermidine is essential for fasting-mediated autophagy and longevity.” Nature Cell Biology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41556-024-01468-x
  11. Jamshed, H., et al. “Early time-restricted feeding improves 24-hour glucose levels and affects markers of the circadian clock, aging, and autophagy in humans.” Nutrients, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061234
  12. Cheng, C.W., et al. “Prolonged fasting reduces IGF-1/PKA to promote hematopoietic-stem-cell-based regeneration and reverse immunosuppression.” Cell Stem Cell, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2014.04.014
  13. Spadaro, O., et al. “Caloric restriction in humans reveals immunometabolic regulators of health span.” Science, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abg7292
  14. Allaf, M., et al. “Intermittent fasting for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013496.pub2
  15. Almeneessier, A.S., et al. “The effect of prolonged intermittent fasting on autophagy, inflammasome and senescence genes expressions.” Experimental Gerontology, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2023.112088
  16. Martinez-Lopez, N., et al. “System-wide benefits of intermeal fasting by autophagy.” Cell Metabolism, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2017.09.020
  17. Harvie, M.N., et al. “The effects of intermittent or continuous energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers.” International Journal of Obesity, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2010.171
  18. Anton, S.D., et al. “Flipping the Metabolic Switch: Understanding and Applying the Health Benefits of Fasting.” Obesity, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22065
  19. Varady, K.A., et al. “Clinical application of intermittent fasting for weight loss: progress and future directions.” Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-022-00638-x
  20. Wei, M., et al. “Fasting-mimicking diet and markers/risk factors for aging, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease.” Science Translational Medicine, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aai8700

Further Reading

© HealthSecrets.com — Evidence-based health guides. For informational purposes only. Not medical advice.